Lenses:
Prime lenses - Fixed view, no zooming. Comes in many vocal lengths (widths).
Zoom lenses - No fixed view, they can zoom between angles and are very versatile. Lower optical quality then prime lenses due to the complexity of their construction.
Cine lenses - Perfected for shooting films, they have gears for follow focus and pull focus.
Exposure refers to the amount of light that is caught by sensors within the camera. Exposure is directly connected to how light or dark the image is.
Factors that effect exposure include:
Shutter speed - This is how long the lenses open before an image is taken, shutter speeds can be adjusted for a brighter and darker image and can also influence motion blur.
Aperture - A hole built into the camera lens, a bigger hole lets more light in and makes a image brighter and a smaller hole blocks light, making the image darker.
ISO/ASA - Sensitivity of the image sensor, a higher ISO creates more noise or 'grain' within the image.
These factors effecting exposure build up what is called the exposure triangle.
Extra camera terminology:
White Balance - Setting to make your picture look correct to the eye under various lighting conditions (Indoors, outdoors, cloudy day etc...).
Barrel (Fisheye) Distortion - Areas of an image curving inwards due to the effect of the lens.
Pincushion Distortion - Areas of an image curving outwards due to the effect of the lens.
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